Business Strategy and Sustainability

Question: Examine about the Business Strategy and Sustainability. Answer: Presentation The task will cover all the significant part of the chose association BHP. A definitive purpose of the task is to cover all the basic regions, which incorporates a vital piece of the organization activities. The target of the examination is to direct a CSR Report, which will close about the inside procedures just as about the corporate social duty of the association (Reviews, 2013). The thought of the corporate social obligation is one of the most urgent part just as one of basic components in each business tasks. There are some standard guidelines and guidelines, which an alternate association follows towards keeping up an appropriate CSR in the business procedures (Robinson, 2012). The possibility of an inward review is a free, object confirmation action, which mostly planned towards including esteem and improves a hierarchical activity. The way toward observing the general working of the authoritative plans and methods, which incorporates business structure, worker practices, and data framework, is known as the possibility of the inner review (Weirich, Churyk, Pearson, 2012). With the assistance of sorting out an appropriate examining process, the association will be exceptionally dynamic towards keeping up all the business morals in a proficient way. Foundation of the organization BHP Billiton is an Anglo-Australian mining organization which, which for the most part bargains metals and oil, with its base camp in Melbourne. Supportability, uprightness, and responsibility are the key properties of the endeavor. It is probably the biggest maker of the greater part products including iron metal, metallurgical coal, copper, and uranium. It is one of the most established mining organizations on the planet and Australia (BHP Billiton, 2016). The organization is consistently in a learning procedure and makes a legitimate headway with the advanced innovation. The drawn out nature of the organization is to build up an economical just as a decent connection with the host products where the association BHP Billiton work to make a positive commitment both the business just as in the general public (BHP Billiton, 2016). The goal of the task is to cover all the significant perspectives, which will concentrate on what are the various types of components, which this specific a ssociation has done during the time spent building up an appropriate corporate social obligation. The business technique of the association put together towards with respect to working resources, which will concentrate on item, topography, and market (Coombs Holladay, 2012). To accomplish these three factors, the general target of the association is to keep up a legitimate progression of work, which will all the while search for the decent variety of the work and the authoritative possibility (Gond Moon, 2012). Investigation of the examination The reason for the examination is to feature what are the various types of measures, which this specific association has created to construct a legitimate corporate social obligation. The thought of the corporate social obligation will feature the tasks of the business in a suitable way, which will center towards followings various morals (Gonzalez-Perez Leonard, 2013). There are sure elements of corporate social duty. A portion of the basic perspectives, which this association follows in the general business activities, are featured in the accompanying piece of the examination (Abramowicz, 2013). Environmental concerns, human rights, showcase relations, maintainability and corporate mastery are a portion of the key components of the corporate social obligation. Be that as it may, there are a few preferences, which needs to accentuation in the general procedure of keeping up an appropriate CSR model in the association (AhãÅ"â £mad Crowther, 2013). A portion of the principle favorab le circumstances of the corporate social obligation incorporate representative reliability and worker maintenance. It additionally helped the association to build notoriety and brand picture in the business tasks. It goes about as a method of commercial and advancement, which various gatherings grows independent of nature just as the target of the business procedures (Haynes, Murray, Dillard, 2012). The system of the association is to claim just as work huge, long-life, an expandable product in the market. The designs for the association stayed unaltered in the general business tasks. The general idea of the CSR relates essentially towards accomplishing the result from the administrative choices for concerning various types of explicit issues just as various types of explicit issues (Amaeshi, Nnodim, Osuji, 2013). The effect of a companys activity for the improvement of the general public is a lot of critical for the business. The investigation will cover all the significant part of how this specific association contributes just as builds up the general CSR model in the business procedure (Haynes, Murray, Dillard, 2013). Beforehand, in the corporate world, the monetary primary concern and the investor's arrival on venture have been the fundamental drivers for the organization towards estimating achievement (Boubaker Nguyen, 2012). The association in the examination keeps up a hi gh angle in the general dynamic arrangement for the general public. This piece of the investigation will cover the various points of interest just as angles, which BHB Billiton is profited while applying a high CSR model. Keeping social duty before the brain urges the business to get ethically and to think about the social and natural effect of the firm (Coombs Holladay, 2012). In various cases, the association will discover ways towards changing the administration or worth chain, which will convey benefits for the network. Extent of Engagement of CSR This piece of the examination will finish a general review process, which will close how BHP Billiton acts in the corporate social obligation. There are six stages, which will finish a proficient just as constant review process, which will focus on the key territories of the corporate social duty of the association (Idowu, Capaldi, Zu, Das Gupta, 2013). Building up need regions and deciding the procedure recurrence are the significant advance, which various chiefs need to mull over before doing the switch into a nonstop examining process. There are various types of authoritative territories, which various examiners regardless of the idea of the idea of the business incorporate (Gattiker, 2013). By breaking down all the significant elements, the movement of picking the hierarchical is one of the key destinations of the evaluators (Millichamp Taylor, 2012). The reviewer is a lot of worried about what are the key territories that the organization centers around while contributing toward s the improvement of the general public. The record has chosen to execute six consistent procedures towards deciding the commitment of the CSR in the general plan of action. The initial step is to break down the key need zones, which are required by the association to concentrate on the critical parts of the corporate social duty. At that point the reviewer needs to distinguish legitimate checking and nonstop review rules. Deciding the procedure of the survey guidelines and the procedure of recurrence is another critical which dominant part of the inspectors acts in the general evaluating process (Gond Moon, 2012). There are various types of evaluating boundaries which various inspectors regardless of the idea of the exhibition receives in the general reviewing process. The most critical piece of the check procedure is to build up an appropriate following up process. With the assistance of the fitting observing procedure, the inspector in the general business procedure will have the option to coordinate the real execution o f the association with the arranged presentation (Gonzalez-Perez Leonard, 2013). Correspondence the outcomes will consolidate the both the positive effect just as the negative results of the procedures of the business. Results may be certain or negative. Positive outcomes will support the spirit of the representatives, and the chiefs need to proceed as generally speaking dissect the negative outcomes in the general authoritative systems (Haynes, Murray, Dillard, 2012). Breaking down the present Understanding of Corporate Social Responsibility As talked about in the past segment of the investigation, setting up the need territories of the reviewing plans and methods is one of the key responsibility of the inspecting plans and techniques. The business procedure, which is distinguished in the tasks, is the use of the CSR (Haynes, Murray, Dillard, 2013). Understanding the accessibility of the consistent review procedure will acquire various types of advantages the procedures. Diverse association regardless of the idea of the business keeps various principles and guidelines towards finishing the thought of Corporate Social Responsibilities. Directly, it has gotten one of the obligatory in the firm towards contributing a piece of the benefit for the advancement of the general public. BHPs Commitment to corporate social duty In view of the service of corporate issues there are sure standards and guidelines which greater part of the organizations in Australia follows in the tasks of the business are featured in the accompanying piece of the examination method (Idowu, Capaldi, Zu, Das Gupta, 2013). The association observes all the standards and guidelines created by the administration body in a proficient way. Coming up next are the key zones, which this specific gathering in the examination BHP Billiton centers around while performing Corporate Social Responsibility. The organization centers around killing appetite, destitution, advancing preventive social insurance and making accessible for safe drinking water. Improving instruction in the financial foundation segment of the nation is one of the fundamental points. It incorporates singular instruction and administration enh

The factors that led to change in Apple Inc Research Paper

The variables that prompted change in Apple Inc - Research Paper Example A brand of advancements, â€Å"Apple†, was built up in the year 1976 on April Fools’ Day (first April), however it was consolidated uniquely on January third, 1977 with a brand name of Apple Computer. Following 30 years, the word â€Å"Computer† was expelled from its marking as it moved its conventional concentration from PCs to customer gadgets. It was established by three maturing business people, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne, however the last moved out of the organization by offering his offers to the next two for US $800. The primary introduced model was the Apple I which was hand made by Steve Wozniak. It was sold as a motherboard comprising of CPU, RAM and essential video chips.As times slowly passed and moving into the twentieth century, a ton of items have been structured and made by the organization. The items that the organization have at present are, Mac and adornments, iPad, iPod, iPhone, Apple TV and distinctive programming. Apple has s pread its business more than 10 nations with more than 300 retail locations and workforce of 60,400 permanent.Apple’s yearly overall deals had developed to US$108 billion of every 2011. They state that impressions are consistent and that’s why early introduction is the last impression. Aside from all the most recent electronic devices, the logo has additionally made loads of originator think â€Å"why on earth would a chomped apple be a company’s logo†. The previous President Michael M. Scott was once found to cite, â€Å"the most costly grisly logo ever designed†.... Apple’s yearly overall deals had developed to US$108 billion of every 2011. They state that impressions are consistent and that’s why initial introduction is the last impression. Aside from all the most recent electronic contraptions, the logo has likewise made loads of creator think â€Å"why on earth would a nibbled apple be a company’s logo†. The previous President Michael M. Scott was once found to cite, â€Å"the most costly wicked logo ever designed† (Linzmayer, 1999). Drivers to Change Since the acquiescence of Steve Jobs in the year 1985, the organization attempted to recognize, the components that could be the explanations behind the high points and low points of their business. The components were: Inadequate Financial Performance: Not fulfilling the needs as per the flexibly ended up being a money related misfortune to the organization. The postpone made the financial specialists angry that brought about a ton of unsold items. The obligat ion to the provider of crude materials expanded and the organization was in the edge to declare financial insolvency (O’Grady, 2008). Change in Strategic Objectives: Apple began to concentrate more on the purchaser gadgets instead of PC hardware. They began to explore more on the shopper arranged items like convenient CD, sound players, computerized cameras and video reassures. This unexpected re-direction brought about tremendous funds so as to acquire the new assets required to fabricate the items (O’Grady, 2008). Contenders Market Invasion: The re-direction of the organization helped organizations like IBM and Microsoft to substitute the deficiencies that Apple couldn't convey. They acquired same items with a lot less expensive expenses and pulled in baffled and befuddled clients (O’Grady, 2008). Later after the arrival of Steve Jobs

Act and rule utilitarianism essay

Act and rule utilitarianism essay Act and rule utilitarianism: problems In accordance with the utilitarianism definition, if any action gives a human much more happiness and joy compared to other actions, then this action is morally right. For example, we can compare two actions: charity work and watching movie at home. Its not so hard to say that a human would get more happiness and pleasure making charity work than to watching a movie. So, as stated by this theory, the right thing would be to make charity work instead of watching a movie because the first action would bring more happiness. Needless to say this theory has been criticized a lot, because for cruel or sadist people tormenting and killing others may be the spring of joy and great happiness. In accordance with this theory principles, they would do the right thing, so it comes to the point that a theory of act utilitarianism could justify crime. Another thing is how to calculate the happiness a person may get during their actions. In some situations, it may be very hard to understand which action will bring more utility in contrast with another. Rule utilitarianism proclaims that the action can be right only if match a certain rule that leads to great happiness. For the first sign, this theory seems much better compared with act utilitarians point of view, but we know that sometimes actions that break rules can give more utility. This option is not available in the theory of rule utilitarianism because according to their point of view, breaking rules is an action against morality. Its possible to compare these two theories with a stop sign and yield sign on the road. The first sign characterizes the rule utilitarian theory: it just force drivers to stop without allowing them to value if its good to stop now or to drive forward. The yield sign gives the drivers a choice if they really need to stop, its like the act utilitarian theory. Needless to say that according to act utilitarians, the stop sign is too tough because the drivers are required to stop even when there is no danger on road from oncoming vehicles. We can see that both theories have their positive and negative sides. Both act and rule utilitarianism are too extreme and based on different things: first theory allows people to break the law, when the second gives them possibility to act in accordance with rules, without any kind of breaking.

The Downfall of Antigone and Creon - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 753 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/20 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Antigone Essay Did you like this example? Antigoners stubbornness causes the death of herself when she goes against the law of Creon, the King to bury her brother, Polynices, and readers learn that what one expects it not always the outcome. It is ordered by the gods for each person to be offered a proper burial, so Antigone asks her sister, Ismene, for helping to bury Polynices, but she denies, in fear of getting caught. Antigone is still persistent in burying her brother, despite the warnings from Ismene. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Downfall of Antigone and Creon" essay for you Create order Ismene is willing to keep the act a secret, but Antigone refuses, and says, Publish it To all the world! Else I shall hate you more (129). Antigone is proud of what she stands for and wants everyone to know, by the form of Ismene spreading the news. She is aware of a punishment for an act against the king, but her stubbornness does not hold her back from committing a sinful act against the King. Antigoners hatred towards Ismene, if she does not advance the news to others, shows that Antigone is not keeping her from taking a stand and proving that no one can control her actions. Once Antigone gets caught, the King asks if she confirms the accusations against her and she replies, I do admit it. I do not deny it (138). Antigone is not trying to escape her punishment. Her stubbornness motivates her to make it clear to everyone that she believes what she did was the right thing to do and nobody can stop her from thinking so. Antigoners stubbornness concealed decisions might not lead to desirable consequences Creonrs stubbornness causes the death of not only Antigone, but also his wife, Eurydice, and his son, Haemon, when he rejects the advice of Haemon and Teiresias, a prophet, and from this, one learns to not be headstrong when listening to advice. Antigone is caught for offering her brother, Polynices, a proper burial, as it is ordered by the King not to do so. Haemon, as well as the people of Thebes, do not think what Antigone did was worth being punished for. Creon reveals his stubbornness when he exclaims, The people of Thebes! Since when do I take my orders from the people of Thebes? (146). He feels offended when Haemon offers Creon the perspective of Antigoners punishment from the viewpoint of himself and the people of Thebes. In the quote, it is implied that Creon ignores and never listens to the advice of others, apart from himself. Creonrs stubbornness causes him to be self-centered and since he is the king, what he does is what he alone thinks is best because of his high level of authority. He is not only ignoring Haemon and the people of Thebes, but more importantly, disregarding the laws provided by the gods, one of which is to offer each person a proper burial. Following Creonrs exclamation, Haemon then goes on to say, Isnt that rather a childish thing to say? and Creon replies, No. I am king, and responsible only to myself (146). By calling Creon childish, Haemon suggests that Creon is immature and naive. Creonrs actions are not only childish, but the use of words are simple and his syntax is short, just as a stubborn child. He wants all the power to himself and does not let the citizens have a say in what they desire. Although Haemon encourages Creon to withdraw Antigoners punishment, he still does not listen. Later on in the play, Teiresias appears to warn Creon of future consequences if he does not release Antigone. Creonrs stubbornness is again apparent when he misjudges the intentions of the prophet Teiresias when he accuses prophets [of] seek[ing] their own advantage (Sophocles 154). Even though the foresight of prophets has never failed, Creon believes the prophecies they provide are for the favor of themselves only. He accuses Teiresias of all prophets providing false predictions in order to gain wealthier. Creon does not take into account any punishment that many follow disobeying the gods. As a result of overlooking Haemonrs suggestions and believing Teiresias prophecies are false, Haemon commits suicide when learning about Antigoners death and Eurydice, distraught at hearing of her sonrs death, also takes her own life. Creonrs stubbornness led to the death of his loved ones when did not take in the advice of Haemon and Teiresias. He did not consider the impact his decisions would have on others and therefore, it is important for readers to learn to stay open-minded and think of the bigger picture when making decisions.

The Cold War And The Soviet Union - 1267 Words

The Cold War, a result of political and military tensions between second World War allies the United States and the Soviet Union lasted just under 50 years, in a propaganda filled competition of conflicting ideologies and contrasting global interests that created a hostility between the two superpowers of the world at that time. Fig. 1 ‘Is This Tomorrow’, (1947) Fig. 2 ‘Glory to Stalin’s Eagls!’, (1948) Figure 1 is a poster created in 1947 by the Catechetical Guild Educational Society and depicts what if would be like under communist rule. Figure 2 is a poster created in 1948 by E.S Malotetkov called ‘Glory to Stalin’s Eagles!’. ‘It is possible that the relationship between graphic design and message is effected by the countries needs to stay favourable with their own people. Many of the messages were the same, highlighted in the superman image designed by Roman Cieslewicz in 1968 that appeared on the front cover of David Crowley’s â€Å"Posters of the Cold War† book, implying that both sides are a mirror image of one another, both equally harmful and destructive. Both sides wanted to highlight the other sides problems whilst enhancing their own achievements. By using playful illustrations that do not relate to the severity of the message the friendly, well meaning and safe nature that is so desperately wanted remains intact, regardless of the rhetoric in the messages.’ (HUMBERT, 2009) Fig. 3 Roman Cieslewicz’sShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War And The Soviet Union973 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a state of economic, diplomatic, and ideological discord among nations without armed conflict. The Cold War was between the United States and the USSR because these were the two major powers after WWII. Basically, the Cold War was a series of proxy wars that had taken place back in time involving surrounding countries. One of the main causes for Cold War was that the Soviet Union was spreading communism and the United States didn’t like that so they were trying to contain communismRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1233 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War is unique among war’s to be not a war between states, but a war between ideologies. The United States and other allies defend social democracy capitalism, as the pinnacle of freedom and equality; and the Soviet Union though communism was the pinnacle of equality. These ideologies manifested themselves through the superpowers, which caused the conflict between them. Both the United States, and the Soviet Union are to blame for the outbreak of the Cold War. The United State’s missionRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1697 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War, in fact didn’t take place in the winter season, but was just as dangerously cold and unwelcoming, as it focused on two contrasting powers: the U.S. and the Soviet Union. After World War 2, the Cold War influenced capitalist U.S. and communist Soviet Union to engage in disagreements causing many disputes having to use military, economic and humanitarian aid. With different goals, the contrasting powers prove through the Marshall Plan, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and SALT that communismRead MoreThe Cold War And Soviet Union840 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many theories and opinions of how the cold war started. Some believe that the cold war was the result of the belligerence of Joseph Stalin and the insecurity it caused in the United States and the West. Others believe the primary responsibility for the cold war derives from the hardline policies of the United States. (Viewpoints Article: the Soviet Union Start the Cold War) I believe The Cold War was triggered by the theory of two superpower countries in a race for dominance in the worldRead MoreCold War And The Soviet Union859 Words   |  4 PagesAMS2270 Cold War This essay will discuss about cold war, including the background, beginning, progress and ending. As we know, cold war is a struggle between U.S. with NATO and Soviet Union with WTO from 1947 to 1991. It is a significant event in history, and it influence the almost all of world, it directly lead to the radical change of eastern Europe and the breakup of the USSR. In 1946 February, George.F.Kennan wrote a â€Å"Long Telegram†, it clearly said the strategy of containing Soviets and itRead MoreThe Cold War On The Soviet Union1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War’s effect on the Soviet Union Shortly after the World War 2 ended, the United States and its North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies entered the cold war with the Soviet Union. Germany was divided in half and later, the Berlin Wall was constructed as a physical boundary between the Soviet controlled East Germany and NATO controlled West Germany. This standoff continued until the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. The cold war had a huge influence on the world stage, but also had a majorRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1391 Words   |  6 Pageswake of World War II as the decades-long force of Germany’s reign came to its conclusion, an extensive repositioning of authority among the world’s top powers began. The war wielded devastating consequences for most countries involved and effectively diminished the dominance Britain and France once employed across the globe. Out of this devastation rose the two new dominating forces of the world who were triumphant in the aftermath of the war: the U nited States and the Soviet Union. The United StatesRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a period in world history marked with increased tensions primarily between the United States and the Soviet Union. Both countries desired to expand their ideologies across the globe, the U.S. urging capitalism and democratic elections and the Soviets promoting communism. After the allies had obtained victory in World War II, the Yalta Conference was held. Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, wanted to expand his sphere of influence into Eastern Europe and demanded thatRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1343 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: As one of the most important events in 20th century, the Cold War had a very deep influence for the human-being civilization and it changed the world structure . The United States and the Soviet Union ,the two poles, became enemies from friends after the World War II. They adopt hostile attitude towards each other and criticized the the opponents’ social systems. To find out who provoked the Cold War, the US, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdoms ,Roosevelt, Truman ,Stalin, and ChurchillRead MoreThe Soviet Union And The Cold War1038 Words   |  5 PagesAfter a series of events during the time of World War II, tensions between the United States and the Communists such as the Soviet Union and China, developed into a military and political conflict such as the Cold War. During the Cold War, which went on for 50 years, the Soviet Union and the United States competed to expand their economical and political influence. Although, the United States military has increased in size and it’s strategy. The United States power today is highly supreme when it

The population of Australia is constantly changing Free Essays

All communities in developed countries, such as Australia, are divisions that constantly change to suit their environment, the environment meaning the demographics of its citizens. A community is a group of people that share a common belief or interest. Over the last sixty years, Australian communities have changed due the varied population and migration policies now enforced. We will write a custom essay sample on The population of Australia is constantly changing or any similar topic only for you Order Now As time goes on, communities will change at an increasing rate. The demographics of a community often control the type of community that will exist: how it will operate. Generally, demographics show the age, status and education that exists within a community. For example, a less isolated, inner-city, urban area will have a generally high education, good job and high standard of living. Ofcourse, a community will attract people of the same background. Another important factor in a community is the technology that is available. The access to technology illustrates the type of background and plays a vital role in a community’s development. The lack of technology in rural communities is what often makes them feel very isolated from the outside world. On the other hand, an urban community will have technology that will help them in everyday life and connect them with the rest of the globe. The population of Australia is constantly changing. Like many other countries, it is divided into rural and urban population. The nation has seen a devastating change in population density in rural areas. Residents of rural areas are involved in primary activities such as farming, fishing and mining. The existence of a drought has repelled people from rural areas, making them move to urban areas. This type of migration is called rural-urban migration. As a result, urban areas are experiencing a change in the make-up of communities. The indigenous people of Australia are of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent. After European settlement, the size of the indigenous population declined dramatically. However, this has all changed in the past 60 years. At the end of the 1960’s, the indigenous population was at a steady 90, 000 – 100, 000. However, since 1971, the indigenous population has increased to over 400, 000. Migration is the movement of people from one location to another. Overtime, the number, countries of origin and reasons for migrating to Australia has changed. For example, a woman in the 1950’s would have migrated to Australia perhaps to escape war, and could have been from a variety of countries. Nowadays, people migrate to Australia for family or job opportunities, and many come from Europe. In the past 60 years, the proportion of overseas born residents in Australia has increased by 12%. These changes started after World War II, when many Australians feared an invasion from countries to the North. One of these countries was Japan, whose navy proposed an invasion in 1942. In Australia, people are employed in 4 main work sectors: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary. In the middle of the twentieth century, service jobs in the tertiary and quaternary industries began to expand. By 1954, there were more workers providing services than there were providing goods. Employment patterns of men and women have changed over the last 25 years. Significantly, the proportion of women who were employed has increased over the period. Changing social attitudes and smaller families have contributed to these changes in women’s employment. Greater proportions of women now have higher education qualifications. Education appears to draw women into the workforce by instilling in them more career related attitudes and by enhancing their potential wages in the labour market. Paid work may also provide women with opportunities for social interaction and job satisfaction. However, it is women who continue to carry the greater responsibility for caring and other unpaid work, effectively placing them under increased time pressures. Women’s working patterns may impact on their ability to balance work with other responsibilities. Marriage trends in Australia have changed increasingly in the past few decades. Proportion of couples marrying in 2004 who lived together before the wedding: 75 per cent; in the 1970s: 16 per cent. The average age at marriage for men in Australia in 2001 was 31, compared to 26 years old in 1981. For women in Australia the average age at marriage in 2001 was 29, compared to the average age of 23 in 1981. Proportion of couples in Australia living together in 2004 who are married: 87.6 per cent. All in, all out, Australia can only go uphill from here. The Great Southern Land, The Land Down Under†¦Terra Australis is and continues to be the best place to live in, just after Paradise. How to cite The population of Australia is constantly changing, Papers

The Use of Software Development Tools Always Increases Productivity

Introduction In the present competitive business world, it has become necessary for organizations to position themselves strategically so as to remain relevant to the needs of consumers and also to be better placed to fight the ever increasing competition form rivals in the same field. As a result, most business organizations are forced to turn to the use of software development tools that would help them to increase productivity.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Use of Software Development Tools Always Increases Productivity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The biggest question, however, is whether or not the level of output will go up when an organization employs the use of software development tools. It is never easy to answer this question given that the future of most software projects is never certain. According to James, great developments in hardware as well as the increased use of computer sy stems in various sectors of the economy has led to the popularity of software development tools (James 4). It is therefore very common to come across organizations all over the world making every effort to move towards the use of software systems. Impact of Software Development tools on Productivity According to Smit and Salvendy, the use of software development tools has both positive as well negative effects on the general quality of production. With the application of the right tools, staff in the organization may be presented with challenges such as opportunities to learn new things. They may also get chances to change careers so as to fit into the new structure of the organization. All these may build an inspired workforce team and eventually, the productivity level of the organization could increase. The organization on the other hand also gets prepared to deal with fierce rivalry from the competitors (Smit Salvendy 12). Smit and Salvendy further argue that better use of deve lopment tools will have the effect of improving the way things are done at the work place, raise the level of output and foster creativity among employees. They also pointed out that the use of applications such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems and available Product Data Management tools will certainly lead to increased productivity and a high level of effectiveness (12).Advertising Looking for research paper on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For individuals in an organization, software development applications are tools that will kill monotony by reducing the amount of routine tasks that have to be done from time to time, help in accomplishing set work goals and boost the level of production (Smit Salvendy 13). The use of software development tools may also break down the effect of hierarchies in the organization and the result could be increased participation by employees in organizational ma tters. The workforce will also feel more empowered and most will be more willing to act proactively (Smit Salvendy 13). Given that the use of software development tools demands effective communication, the management in the organization will be compelled to ensure communication flows effectively. Poor communication could send out wrong communication and the organization may be made to pay a very high price for any form of carelessness (Smit Salvendy 13). On the other hand, the extended use of the computer; sitting behind a desk to beat deadlines may produce some undesirable outcomes. Employees may get stressed or even get sick and in the end, they may fail to come to work due to illness. When this, happens, the level of production will no doubt go down and this could put the organization in some difficult situation (Smit Salvendy 13). In his book, Hurley argues that the contribution of technological development tools in as far as increasing the level of output in an organization is concerned can not be easily measured (Hurley 291). Hurley identified a number of things that complicate the whole process of measuring the effect of technology to production. First, there is the lack of proper measurement of inputs and outputs that are meant to go into and come out of an information system. There are also delays that are experienced as users get to understand how well to use the new technology and this could be very frustrating for both users and customers. Another concern has to do with how profits resulting for the use of software development tools are distributed. Finally, there is a problem when it comes to managing software systems within an industrial setup (Hurley 292). In general terms, according to Hurley, the measurement of the impact of software development tools in productivity is a big problem that is also somehow linked to the methods that are used to measure productivity data that may be collected from time to time for the purposes of analysis (292 ).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Use of Software Development Tools Always Increases Productivity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In arguments articulated by Hurley, the use of software development tools in production is without question, bound to increase the amount of output. Software development tools also make it possible to produce the same or even greater output using only a small staff (Hurley 292). James, in his research explains that the principal reason for turning to software development tools is so as to allow organizations to reap the full benefits of using these technological tools to improve performance (James 4). Apparently, according to James, software development tools will help to boost efficiency, reduce the entire operational cost and greatly increase the profit level of the organization (James 4). However, James also adds that the benefits will only become a reality if the or ganization takes time to develop a good if not the best software development tool for its operations (4). Poorly developed tools will only lead to poor performance that could plunge the organization in very difficult situations. It is therefore very important to note that it is not just the use of software development tools that will lead to increased productivity; rather, it is the proper application of good software tools that will yield great advantages for the organization and boost the level of productivity as desired (James 4). Using good software, the organization should be able to improve efficiency, reduce production time, add on to the level of production and ensure that resources are well utilized. Another advantage is that business operations are made simple and easy to manage (James 4). Rook (205) argues that even though the use of computers is all the time expanding, the use of low standard custom built software tools has not helped much to increase the level of produc tivity. Low quality software tools only make things worse. Rook further notes that this problem could be dealt with by having organizations turn to the use of standard instead of custom developed software tools that to a very large extent are regarded as being quite unpredictable and hence not something to fully depend on (Rook 205).Advertising Looking for research paper on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Considering that the costs that are associated with the acquisition of software development tools are quite high, organizations get really motivated to do all they can to ensure that they are able to make good use of the acquired software tools for the purpose of improving efficiency as well as the level of productivity. Rook also defines software productivity as the quantity of output from the developed software divided by the cost of developing the particular software. Rook goes on to explain that for success to be realized, the objectives of the software tool must be clearly stated and well understood by all who are meant to interact with it (Rook 205). According to Holmes, the use of software development tools is becoming more and more central to the operations of almost all organizations world wide (Holmes 69). It is therefore very important for an organization to ensure that guidelines are followed to the letter when it comes to the acquisition and implementation of software d evelopment tools. When implementation is not properly done, time and resources are wasted and many people tend to get really frustrated (Holmes 69). Unsuccessfully implemented software tools are the result for poor performance and in the end this only leads to reduced productivity accompanied by increased costs of production. According to Willcocks, Petherbridge and Olson, information systems implementations are often regarded by many as being quite expensive for nothing. To this group of people, information system tools are simply cash sinks that consume huge sums of money without really producing any tangible results. Still others see software development tools as black holes and also as a necessary evil that we have to accommodate in various operations (Willcocks, Petherbridge Olson 1). Willcocks, Petherbridge and Olson (2) argued that according to information analyzed for over 300 organizations, there is good proof to show that by using information technology tools at the work place, it is very possible to ensure that customers were well taken care of and happy, hierarchies within organizations were eliminated leading to a flat structure where all workers could interact in a more free atmosphere, workers at the middle and lower level in the organization received the expected support and that productivity was eventually improved (Willcocks, Petherbridge Olson 2). Willcocks, Petherbridge and Olson further stated that even when the use of software development tools leads to increased performance, they do not do so in isolation. Software development tools will perform but in the midst of many other factors (3). In Loehle’s study, he argues that if an organization has to implement the use of software development tools, it is important to ensure that users are not forced into using the software tool. He considers true restructuring to be well undertaken by capitalizing on the strengths of the software development tool (Loehle 125). Any amount of compuls ion or intimidation to get people to use the system will only end up creating resentment among the users and with a negative attitude towards using the software development tool, nothing much can will be accomplished. Another factor that leads to undesirable results when it comes to making use of software development tools has to do with the level of complexity of the software tool (Loehle 125). Complicated software development tools may end up being quite unpopular with users and its success may greatly be hindered. It is important to ensure that the software development tool presented to the users will generate interest. Conclusion From the arguments presented in this paper, it is quite clear that the use of software development tools has a great influence on the level of productivity. It can lead in either positive or negative output, organizations that intend to use these tools must ensure that the correct software is sourced, properly implemented and correctly used in carrying out the business of the organization. Failure to adhere to set procedures will simply bring unfavorable outcomes in the end. It is also important to be aware of the fact that, it is never easy to measure the extent to which the use of software development will result in increased output. This is often because the success of information systems is influenced by many other factors that may not be quite obvious. Unless one is very keen, it may be such a daunting task to try and establish the benefits that accrue from making use of a chosen software development tool. Finally, even though software development tools will increase productivity, it is important to note that for this to be realized, one must understand and avoid as much as possible, the actions that may cause the failure of the tools. Among others tasks, implementers must make sure that users are fully involved in the processes of getting the software into operation. They must also be well trained to use the software tool co nsidering that without proper training, the software may be under utilized or misused creating poor result. Works Cited Holmes, Andrew. Failsafe IS Project Delivery. Hampshire: Gower Publishing Limited. 2001. Print. Hurley, William D. Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering: Trends for the Next Decade. City: World Scientific. 1995. Print. James, K. L. Software Engineering. New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Ltd. 2009. Print. Loehle, Craig. Thinking Strategically: Power Tools for Personal and Professional Advancement. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 1996. Print Rook, Paul. Software Reliability Handbook. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1990 Print. Smit, Michael J. Salvendy, Gavriel. Systems, social and internationalization design aspects of human†¦, Volume 2. New Orleans: Routledge. 2001. Print. Willcocks, Leslie., Petherbridge, Peter and Olson, Nancy A. Making IT Count: Strategy, Delivery, Infrastructure. Jordan Hill, Oxford: Butterwor th-Heinemann. 2002. Print. This research paper on The Use of Software Development Tools Always Increases Productivity was written and submitted by user Brayan Conley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Chicago essays

Chicago essays In 1890, Congress approved a World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America. During the second half of the 19th century there were fairs and expositions held in London, Paris, and other great cities throughout the world. The World's Columbian Exposition, held in 1893, was the first significant and economically successful U.S. world's fair. In this paper I will discuss the history of the Columbian Exposition by analyzing and answering these important components. Why was it built? Who attended? What were the attractions? Finally, I will end with a discussion about the Nations connection to the rest of the world during the Columbian Exposition. In order to have a successful worlds fair you must find someone whom can make such a dream into a reality. Beginning in 1891, the Exposition's Chief Planner, Daniel Burnham and Chief Landscape Architect, Fredrick Olmstead, managed the design and construction. Olmstead chose marshy Jackson Park to create his visions. A group of well-known architects, including Henry Ives Cobb (Fish and fisheries building) Richard Morris Hunt (Administration building) Charles McKim- ( Agricultural building) George B. Post (Manufactures building) and Louis Sullivan (transportation building) Sophie Hayden (Woman's Building.) Other architects that took part include, W. L. B. Jenney (Horticultural Building) Peabody Planners selected a neo-classical architectural theme for the fair over the objections of the more original Chicago architects. Although two architects shunned the neo-classical style. Cobb the designer of the famo...

How to Get Into Princeton 3 Expert Admissions Tips

How to Get Into Princeton 3 Expert Admissions Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Princeton is one of the most prestigious and selective universities in the world, admitting less than eight percent of students every year. In order to be one of them, you need to make sure that your application stands out from the other tens of thousands of applicants the admissions committee must review. In this article, we’ll break down exactly how to get into Princeton, starting with how difficult it is to get in. Then, we’ll move into talking about the test scores, essays, and supplemental materials you’ll need to really make your application stand out. How Hard Is It to Get Into Princeton? Princeton is an extremely competitive university. As of July 2018, Princeton’s admissions rate was just 5.5%, making it one of the most selective schools in the entire world. Like many other colleges and universities, Princeton’s only getting more selective - their admissions rate has fallen in recent years as more and more students apply. If you want to be one of the students admitted to the next Princeton University freshman class, you need to make sure your application reflects why you would be a great addition to the school. What Is Princeton Looking for in Its Students? If Princeton is so competitive, how can you make your application stand out? In short, you need to focus on what makes you, you. On Princeton’s undergraduate admissions website, the school offers several tips for how to get into Princeton. Let’s take a look at what they are: #1: Challenge Yourself Academically Princeton recommends that students have coursework in the following subject areas: Four years of English Four years of mathematics (including calculus for students interested in engineering) Four years of one foreign language At least two years of laboratory science (including physics and chemistry for students interested in engineering) At least two years of history But simply checking off those boxes won’t make you stand out. You need to demonstrate that you’ve challenged yourself academically; that means signing up for advanced coursework, like AP or IB classes. You need to show that you’re up to the challenge of Princeton’s rigorous academic requirements. #2: Spend Time on Your Essays Princeton requires its applicants to write at least two essays and two short answer questions (three essays if you’ve indicated an interest in Engineering). The admissions blog recommends taking your time on your essays. Use your essays as an opportunity to show off your writing skills. Your work should be polished and written in your own voice. #3: Focus on What Makes You Stand Out Finally, Princeton wants its students to demonstrate exceptionalism in and out of the classroom. The vast majority of students who apply to Princeton will have a stellar academic track record. You need to show the admissions committee what makes you different from the other thousands of applicants. We’ll return to these tips more in a later section. Can You Apply to Princeton Early? Princeton offers single-choice early action. Single-choice early action program is a non-binding process, which means that if you’re admitted, you have until May 1 to notify Princeton about your decision to attend. If you apply single-choice early action, also known as restrictive early action, on November 1, you may not apply to an early program at any other private college or university. However, you can still apply early to other schools. Here are the exceptions to the single-choice process: You may apply early to any public institution or service academy, as long as the decision is non-binding. You may apply early to any international institution, as long as the decision is non-binding. You may apply early to any college or university with a non-binding rolling admission process. You should only apply to Princeton early action if Princeton is your first choice, since you’ll save money on other apps if you’re accepted. That being said, applying early doesn’t offer any significant statistical advantage over applying at the regular decision deadline, so if you’re not all in on Princeton, you can wait a few more months to submit your application. Princeton Application Deadlines and Requirements Here are the important dates and requirements for applying to Princeton: Due on November 1 for Early-Action Students Application and Princeton Supplement Graded Written Paper School Report, Guidance Counselor Letter and Transcript Teacher Evaluation Form 1 Teacher Evaluation Form 2 Due on January 1 for Regular Decision Students Application and Princeton Supplement Graded Written Paper School Report, Guidance Counselor Letter and Transcript Teacher Evaluation Form 1 Teacher Evaluation Form 2 You can apply to Princeton using the Common Application, the Coalition Application, or the Universal Application. No matter which of those three you use, you’ll also have to submit the Princeton Supplement. What GPA Do I Need to Get Into Princeton? You’ll need a strong GPA to get into Princeton. The average unweighted GPA of Princeton’s admitted students is 3.9. Princeton admitted less than 10% of students whose GPA’s were under 3.8 in 2018. If your grades aren’t the best, you’ll need to really strengthen other parts of your application, like your essays and your extracurricular activities. What Test Scores Do I Need to Get Into Princeton? Unsurprisingly, Princeton’s admitted applicants also have high test scores. Let’s take a look at the SAT and ACT scores you’ll need to be competitive in Princeton admissions. What SAT Scores Do I Need to Get Into Princeton? The vast majority of admitted students at Princeton score above 1500 on the SAT. The average SAT composite score of Princeton’s admitted applicants is 1520. While Princeton doesn’t have a hard cutoff in terms of SAT scores, the data speaks volumes: Princeton accepted less than 5% of applicants who had scored under 1400 on their SATs. Go down 100 points and the numbers are starker: Princeton accepted barely 1% of students who had a 1300 or lower. If you want to be a competitive applicant at Princeton, you’ll need great test scores. If you’re not quite at a 1500 yet, don’t panic. Invest in some solid test prep materials, make a study plan, and stick to it. What ACT Scores Do I Need to Get Into Princeton? The average ACT scores of Princeton’s admitted applicants are also high. Princeton accepted less than 1% of students who scored under a 27 on their ACTs. In order to have the best shot of admission, you’ll need at least a 32 to be in the middle range of admitted applicants. Princeton Application Essays Princeton likes a well-rounded student and your essays are one of the best places to show off what makes you unique. Princeton requires a total of two essays and two short answers from all applicants for admission. One of these essays will answer a prompt provided by the Common Application, Coalition Application, or Universal College Application (depending on which one you choose to submit your Princeton application through). The other essay and the two short answers are part of the Princeton Supplement. If you’re interested in Engineering, you’ll also have to submit the Engineering Essay as part of the Princeton Supplement. The good news about the Princeton essays is that you get to pick what you write about. Here are the prompts for the Princeton Supplement essay: Tell us about a person who has influenced you in a significant way. This prompt might look easy to answer, but remember that your ultimate goals here are to make your voice clear and stand apart from other applicants in a positive way. Think carefully about whom you choose to write about. Lots of applicants tend to opt for the celebrity route, which is fine, but you need to be clear in your essay how this particular celebrity influenced you on a deeper, more personal level. In other words, choose someone who is meaningful to you. â€Å"One of the great challenges of our time is that the disparities we face today have more complex causes and point less straightforwardly to solutions.† Omar Wasow, assistant professor of politics, Princeton University. This quote is taken from Professor Wasow’s January 2014 speech at the Martin Luther King Day celebration at Princeton University. This prompt is a little more academic-oriented than the first essay option, so make sure you’re prepared to write in-depth about a larger, more prominent social issue that affects not just you but lots of people. That being said, don’t forget to bring yourself into the essay. Remember that your ultimate goal is to explain a valuable experience you’ve had and how this experience has shaped who you are today. â€Å"Culture is what presents us with the kinds of valuable things that can fill a life. And insofar as we can recognize the value in those things and make them part of our lives, our lives are meaningful.† Gideon Rosen, Stuart Professor of Philosophy and director of the Behrman Undergraduate Society of Fellows, Princeton University. Just make sure that whatever approach you do, you emphasize how this cultural background, event, or experience has contributed to your development into the person you are today. For example, if you immigrated to the US as a child, you could write about your upbringing and how a specific instance with a teacher as a teenager helped you ultimately come to terms with and learn to accept your unique cultural identity. Using a favorite quotation from an essay or book you have read in the last three years as a starting point, tell us about an event or experience that helped you define one of your values or changed how you approach the world. Please write the quotation, title and author at the beginning of your essay. You’ve got the reins for this prompt, so write about whatever feels most natural and whatever you believe is worth writing about. This could be a specific person who you feel the quotation you’ve chosen resonates strongly with, or an event in your life whose meaning was made clearer to you through this quotation. The Princeton Supplement also requires you to answer two short answer questions: Please briefly elaborate on one of your extracurricular activities or work experiences that was particularly meaningful to you. Princeton is asking this question to figure out which activities you’ve done that are most valuable to you personally. This short essay is essentiallylike the longer personal essaya quick way for the admissions committee to get to know more about you and what motivates you in your spare time. Please tell us how you have spent the last two summers (or vacations between school years), including any jobs you have held. Princeton asks this question to not only get to know you better but also to see how you choose to occupy your time when you’re not in school. As with the first short answer, don’t simply summarize your experiences. Instead, focus on the most meaningful experiences you’ve had during this time and explain why they matter so much to you. Finally, if you’re interested in Engineering, you’ll need to answer the following essay question: If you are interested in pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Engineering degree, please write a 300-500 word essay describing why you are interested in studying engineering, any experiences in or exposure to engineering you have had and how you think the programs in engineering offered at Princeton suit your particular interests. Princeton asks for this essay to learn more about your background in engineering, what made you interested in the field, and why you think Princeton might be a good fit for you and your goals. Your goal here is not to come up with a creative way to define yourself or your values but to simply introduce your interest in engineering and elaborate on why you think the Princeton engineering program is well suited for your goals. Want an in-depth look at how to ace these essays? Check out our full blog post on the topic! (Coming soon!) 3 Tips for Getting Into Princeton Getting into Princeton isn’t easy†¦ but it’s certainly not impossible! If you want to boost your chances at admission, follow these expert tips for how to get into Princeton. #1: Polish Your Academic Record You need to demonstrate some serious academic chops if you want to be accepted to Princeton. Your grades and your test scores need to be near perfect. Don’t expect to coast into Princeton if you haven’t put some serious work into both - you likely won’t get in. And you can’t make up for years of bad grades by finally putting effort in the first semester of your senior year - you’ll need to demonstrate a track record of academic achievement and rigor. Start working towards a 4.0 early. Make a plan to take the most rigorous courses your high school offers. When it comes time to take your standardized tests, make sure you study. Come up with a plan and stick to it. #2: Spend Serious Time on Your Essays Your Princeton essays are important. Don’t skimp on them or rush through! You should put hours of thought, writing, and revising time into each one. Don’t write what you think the admissions committee wants to hear. Write what’s true for you. Remember, the admissions committee will be reading tens of thousands of essays. The ones that are trite or cliche will just become part of that noise. The essays that stand out will be the ones that are honest, sincere, and original. Use the essays are an opportunity to show who you really are. In other words, let them describe your spike. #3: Find Your Spike What’s a spike, you ask? In short, a spike is something that makes you stand out. Something that no (or very few) other applicants have. When you’re applying to college, it’s tempting to seem well-rounded and interested in all the things. Don’t do that. Your application won’t stand out if you’re mediocre in band, on the track team, and on student council. It will stand out if you travel to Japan to perform with a world-class performance ensemble or qualify for the Olympic trials in shot put. When your focus is on one thing, you’ll be better at it than if you have to split your time and attention. It will also be more impressive on your resume. What’s Next? Even if you're only interested in Princeton, learning more about how to get into other selective schools, such as Harvard, can give you additional insight into how to polish up your application. Looking for application tips for other selective schools? Read our complete guides to the University of California system and to the Georgetown application. Should you apply early or regular decision to college? Find out the pros and cons of early decision in this article. Want to get into Princeton or your personal top choice college? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in.

Middle Eastern Politics Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Middle Eastern Politics Political Science - Essay Example Initially the area was broken into three Mandates: Palestine under Britain, Mesopotamia under Britain, Syria under France. But in the 1920s Syria and Palestine were subdivided, Syria into the countries of Syria and Lebanon, Palestine into the countries of Jordan and Palestine. Also, Kuwait was kept separate from Mesopotamia. These incidences left the new Arab states weak and divided and further were the cause for subsequent conflict. â€Å"Under the Mandate system, conquered lands were placed into one of three categories (A, B, C) and were assigned to a victorious power to govern. The countries of the Arab world were declared to be Level A Mandates, meaning that they were at a very advanced stage of development and would have only a short period of British or French control. Level A Mandates were to be autonomous (self-governing) within a short time and were to choose their own leaders and shape their own destiny. (Mandates of the B and C levels were declared to be less advanced. Most of Africa was in the B category, some small islands in the Pacific were C, meaning that independence was unlikely in the foreseeable future). In 1922 Palestine (west of the Jordan River) became a Level A Mandate under British control† (umich.edu, 1993). â€Å"The period from the outbreak of World War I in 1914 to the granting of France's mandate over Syria by the League of Nations in 1922 was marked by a complicated sequence of events and power politics during which Syrians achieved a brief moment of independence† (Library of Congress Country Studies, 1987).

Effects of Nutrition on Human Hair Growth Research Paper

Effects of Nutrition on Human Hair Growth - Research Paper Example In reference to this, the presence of protein in the body means that exist more raw materials to be made into hair. However, it does not mean that the more protein consumed translates to more hair or increased hair growth. Considering that proteins are made of amino acids, the absorption of these amino acids is crucial to the growth of hair; as for healthy hair, all amino acids which are essential for the body should be ingested and digested (The Educational Resource Center of Women’s International Pharmacy, 2003). Moreover, of all the components that make up the hair follicle, lipids are a significant component. These lipids are the result of the breakdown of amino acids through enzymes that are protein in nature. The consumption of fatty substances that are made up of lipids determines the composition of the hair in the form of sebum; of which Sebum, in this case, is a lipid based substance that coats the hair and skin protecting it from the adverse effects of water. In turn , this prevents the growth of microorganisms in the hair and blocks the penetration of toxic substances into the body through the hair. This way, intake of lipids affects the overall wellbeing of the body by creating a protective barrier in the hair (Dunnett, 2001). In addition, as was the case with proteins, lipids are crucial to hair growth, but supplementing intake of fatty acids does not necessarily translate to increased production of sebum and advanced protection and a glossy look of the hair. However, increases in sebum production do increase in some cases leading to improved hair appearance (Dunnett, 2001). In addition, consumption of fatty foods, lipids, contributes towards healthy hair in that they stop it from turning grey. Intake of lipids strengthens the hair by adding to its thickness from the 90% that is made up of protein, collagen (Treasured Locks, 2005). Intake of iron in the body allows for proper circulation of blood around the body various organs; skin and hair included. This way, iron ensures that the follicles responsible for the production of hair are well supplied with nutrients such as protein and that oxygen is supplied in adequate amounts to hair follicles. Furthermore, electrons are transported in the blood with the help of the iron available in the blood; thus by consuming more iron, the hair benefits in that the body synthesises some of the crucial minerals necessary for the total wellbeing of the body and the hair, altogether. In addition, iron works with other minerals that are not so essential such as molybdenum, in detoxifying the body from radicals and breaking down certain products (Arkworld International, 2005). Waste products in the body act as toxins to the body in that they affect the texture, colour and overall appeal of hair. The direct impact of silicon to the hair is seen in what it does to the skin. This concerns the hydrating effect the skin enjoys from adequate supplies of silicon through nutrition. By the skin e xperiencing improved hydration, one’s hair, in turn, benefits from a fine texture emanating from the sebum that is held by the skin giving it a glossy feel and look (Piccardi and Patricia, 2009). In addition to this, the sebum produced from silicon helps in keeping the hair healthy by protecting it from infections, and the adverse effects felt from water. Moreover, silicon toughens hair by making it strong and, as well

Causes of Stalking and Experiences

Causes of Stalking and Experiences Stalking is an issue that affects 1.5 million people each year. While women are commonly the general target, men can become victims of stalkers as well. Stalkers share similar traits, each of which fuel what they do. Oftentimes a stalkers motives are as easily profiled as their traits. Stalkers commonly share similar personality characteristics as well as reasons for doing what they do (Michele, 2002). Stalking has been around since the beginning of time. Men and women alike have been accused of such a crime because they either cant get it out of their head that the other person does not want to have anything to do with them, or they are just obsessed with a stranger. It is just recent that the UK Government has decided to make stalking a crime in it self. This type of crime was labelled as harassment, annoyance, or domestic violence. It wasnt until the 80s and 90s that stalking cases were brought to the attention of the media and high political policy makers (Michele, 2002). Discussion Many stalkers are loners. Because of the lack of other relationships, they become severely attached to the idea of possessing a relationship with the person who they are stalking (Paul, 2000). In many cases, the lack of ability to form relationships starts at a young age. Some stalkers are neglected by their parents, and in turn are unable to form attachments with other people later on in life. This causes them to be extremely lonely, which is a main characteristic of a stalker. This lack of personal relationships, combined with a low self-esteem creates a feeling of worthlessness (Michele, 2002). They feel like without a connection with the person they are stalking, they have no purpose in life. This is one reason for most celebrity stalking. The idea of establishing a connection with a person of high status becomes appealing, because these stalkers believe that they will acquire a higher level of importance. When this does not happen, stalkers can often become extremely angry, even violent toward that person. Frustration builds up, and they do not know how to deal with the situation. This can sometimes lead to stalker related deaths. A common characteristic shared by most stalkers is their lack of anxiety, and even shame in a stalking scenario (Paul, 2000). In most situations, a person would be absolutely beyond embarrassed to be caught snooping around in another persons personal belongings. Rummaging through someones garbage in order to find personal information would be so inappropriate that the average person would not even consider it. Beyond that, if they were, in fact, caught in the act, most people would be completely mortified. Stalkers, on the other hand, do not think this way. No action is too out of line. Stalkers see it as an attempt to gain the love of the person that they are stalking. These people seem to be immune to anxiety and discomfort, and in turn they have no trouble continuing in their pursuit. Some of the tasks that are carried out by stalkers are quite difficult. Stalkers need way more intelligence than one would assume that they have. But although many of them have mental disorders, most stalkers are much smarter than the average person. Obtaining information about a person is not usually the easiest task, but stalkers may go as far as changing jobs in order to do so. Stalkers sometimes learn how to tap into phone conversations, hack into computers, and spend thousands of dollars to find a particular person, or information about that person. Psychologists have long puzzled over the way in which individuals may act differently in identical situations, resulting in various strands of personality theory to have emerged within the realm of psychology each attempting to explain personality traits at various levels , these being experimental, psychometric and clinical (Michele, 2000). Butt (2004) notes how Eysencks theory although presented as a clinical approach to understanding individual difference, was fundamentally rooted within the psychometric tradition which emerged from within the mainstream paradigm in the early twentieth century. Most famously to appear from this era was the Likert scale- a graded style response questionnaire which had been engineered for attitude measurement. For Eysenck however psychometric testing aided the process of assessing and predicting individual levels and likelihood of extroversion or neuroticism by reducing dimensions of personality ranging on a bipolar scale from unstable to stable to either being classified as a typical extrovert or introvert. According to Eysneck the reduction of variables in personality traits to either extroversion or neuroticism could be biologically explained by differences in the cortical and autonomic arousal systems . According to Eysnecks Personality Inventory individuals who were perceived with introspective, quiet, reserved and generally unsociable traits were classified as having a high N score whilst those who appeared optimistic, talkative, sociable and outgoing were prescribed a high E score. This lies in contrast to Eysencks model of a fixed personality which appears to be unaffected by external circumstance . In addition, Salmons re- working and application of theories in the context of educational learning has shown how her intervention of the Salmon Line provides a basis for facilitating change (Jens, 2008). Salmons intentions in developing the Salmon Line were aimed at providing a tool that could stretch beyond diagnostic mo del and assist the learning process. The success of technique has been attributed to the ways in which behaviour change and learning is enhanced through eliciting pupils and teachers experiences and identifying areas of conflict and collaboration. The approach is rich in subjective experience captivating the diversity that exists amongst individuals and allowing for reflexivity in its approach. In summary for PCT theorists, differences in personality is viewed as a reflection of the complex ways in which individuals build constructions of their world rather than a simply reflection of innate biological forces. Having contrasted Eysnecks theory with others people shall now explore to what use and purposes such theories can apply as well as their validity in either upholding an agency-structure dualistic approach or seeking to dissolve it (Jens, 2008). Stalkers often also possess the ability to manipulate friends and family members of the person who they are stalking (Thomas, 2003). They will find ways to trick the people into giving away information about the person they are harassing. This involves a higher level of intelligence than that of an average person. Often, people who stalk celebrities suffer from a condition called erotomania, which is also known as de Clerambaults syndrome. Stalkers fall deeply in love with a person and in their own mind, that person is in love with them as well. Stalkers will watch the actions of the person very closely, and even if they have never met the person before in their life, they believe that that person is in love with them as well. Stalkers may dream up an entire relationship, such as Margaret Ray did when she told people that she was David Lettermans wife. Not only did she claim to be married to Letterman, but one day she showed up at his house carrying a baby which she demanded was his (Letterman stalker killed by train in apparent suicide)(Thomas, 2003). Sometimes people will stalk celebrities simply because they desire the fame and status of those people. Michael Lewittes article Serial Celebrity Daters describes the lives of Lisa Chiafullo and Jennifer Young-two girls who are obsessed with being obsessed (Joseph, 2001). Each of these girls began dating the stars at young ages. While Jennifer grew up in luxury in Beverly Hills, Lisa was on welfare and in bad financial shape. While Jennifer enjoyed the high life and luxury of dating celebrities, Lisa sometimes counted on meals, shelter and money from celebrities to keep her head above water. The desire is summed up perfectly by Lisa (Joseph, 2001). She always wanted to be somebody so if she couldnt be somebody; she wanted to date someone who was. This type of thinking is what causes many fans to turn into fanatics. They obsessed over people simply because of whom they are and how famous they are. Stalking is not only limited to celebrities, however average people are in danger of being stalked just as well (Thomas, 2003). In the case of simple obsession stalkers, victims arent chosen based on celebrity status or popularity, rather their past relationships with the stalker. Simple obsession stalkers harass people who they have been involved with in previous relationships, most of the time; the victim puts an end to the relationship, which seems to be tragic to the stalker. Suddenly, the stalker feels that his or her life has been destroyed, and that they simply cannot live without having that person back. The reasoning behind the stalking is that they feel like they have no self worth in the world and that its a necessity to have the person back in order to regain their identity and power that they once had. The person falls into a deep state of denial, refusing to accept the idea that they will have to go on in life without that person. Stalking is not always based on positive feelings and desire to by love. Some people stalk to seek revenge or simply out of pure hatred for a person. Sometimes stalking can occur in the workplace. A large number of murders due to stalking are carried out by people who have recently been fired from a job and who want to get revenge on the person who fired them. Psychotherapists sometimes become targets of stalking as well. They are severely harassed by former patients of theirs. Dissatisfaction, anger, and hatred are a few reasons that can fuel stalkers to harass and sometimes abuse- or even kill their victims (Thomas, 2003). Taking charge and admitting there is a domestic abuse problem is the key to starting to take back ones life, but the legal system must also be utilized to ensure individual rights are preserved and protected (Joseph, 2001). While great strides have been made in recent years to strengthen laws and educate judges on how to address domestic violence cases effectively, there is still work to be done. Some domestic violence cases have languished in district circuit courts for years. Because there are weak justices and numerous loop holes in the written law, there are criminals who will return to society un-rehabilitated seeking revenge or to target another to abuse. The feminist movement during the 1970s fundamentally changed societys attitude towards domestic violence (Logan, 2006). Women who formerly had been battered and abused developed services for domestic violence victims. They also lobbied for government support of these services and raised awareness of domestic violence. Since then, numerous changes have taken place to address the problem of domestic violence. Class action lawsuits and civil-damage suits forced law enforcement agencies to revise their policies and adapt processes to better address domestic violence. Domestic violence incidents were, in many states, established as crimes against the state, resulting in the victim no longer having to press charges. Law enforcement officers today are often trained on how to respond to domestic violence incidents. The medical community also felt the need to act in response to domestic violence. In Delaware, for example, the Delaware Coalition against Domestic Violence together with Delaware s medical community and the Domestic Violence Coordinating Council (DVCC) developed a manual for healthcare providers addressing how to respond to domestic violence (Stephen, 2002). The DVCC also trains hospitals and clinics, police officers, prosecutors, judicial officers, court personnel, executives, faith-based personnel, social workers, advocates, probation officers, and therapists throughout the First State on domestic violence. While most laws pertaining to domestic violence are on the state level, the federal government also responded to domestic violence. For example, it is a federal offence to travel from one state to another to commit domestic violence or to force an intimate partner to cross state lines in an attempt to commit domestic violence. Additionally, the federal government passed interstate stalking legislation making it a federal offence to cross state lines in an attempt to stalk a victim, and also barred offenders from carrying and owning weapons. The Violence against Women Act (VAWA) further protects victims of domestic violence and provides funding for services. VAWA also requires that the victim, if so desired, be heard at a bail hearing with regard to the danger posed by the defendant. VAWA also stipulates that the victim be reimbursed for costs occurred to the victim in obtaining a restraining order and other costs connected to a domestic violence conviction. Another important aspect o f VAWA is the ability for battered and abused spouses and children of citizens and lawful permanent residents to self-petition for independent legal residency. Before VAWA, immigrant victims had to fear deportation when leaving an abusive relationship (Logan, 2006). Since the late 1970s, states took an active role in domestic violence prevention. About a third of domestic violence outreach and services are funded from state level (Stephen, 2002). Most states have laws that allow prosecutors to charge abusers without having to involve the victim. Many times victims are no longer are required to testify against their abusers. In 1997, a total of seven states and the nations capital had mandatory arrest laws on the books that required law enforcement to make an arrest if there is evidence of an assault. Even more states encouraged such arrests. A 1984 study showed that arresting abusers lowered the re-arrest rate within the next 6 months for domestic violence to 10%. However, more studies are needed to replicate these findings (Stephen, 2002). According to the study, most intimate partner abuse is not reported to law enforcement, making it difficult to know exactly how many men and women are abused. Only about 20 percent of all rapes, 25 percent of physical assaults, and 50% of stalking incidents against women were reported to law enforcement. The number of victimizations of men by intimate partners reported to police is even smaller. A general belief that the police cannot help or would not do anything keeps victims from reporting abuse or stalking incidents (Stephen, 2002). Many positions related to domestic violence are held by social workers. Social workers often help clients build s support system by referring them to resources they need and by helping them gain access to such services. Social workers may also be involved in crisis and long term counselling to help victims make significant decisions. Additionally, social workers may develop and co-lead support groups for victims, lobby on a national or state level for funding, and perform advocacy work. Advocacy work may include fund raising, training, explaining domestic violence, speaking to the media about domestic violence, developing materials to give to battered women, and community education. These are only a few of the essential functions performed by social workers in the domestic violence field. In 1993, following the murder of a woman by her ex-lover, who violently harassed her in breach of a protection order before killing her , the New South Wales Parliament responded by enacting a separate offence of Stalking which is now part of the Crimes Act. Stalking is conduct that is harassing or threatening, directed at a person with the intention to cause intimidation or fear. It is a form of non-physical violence, causing psychological and emotional abuse (Logan, 2006). The awakening of concern about this type of behaviour was caused by its prevalence in domestic violence cases. Firstly, the nature of the offence of stalking makes it inappropriate to prosecute under the current law of criminal assault. Related to this is the severe impact that stalking behaviour inflicts on its victims. The current law of assault is simply not broad enough to deal with the complexities that arise from an offence such as stalking. Assault is an act, which intentionally or recklessly causes another to apprehend immediate and unlawful personal violence, charged under s61 of the Crimes Act. At the essence of the offence of assault is a requirement that the threat created by the offender must cause a fear of imminent violence in the victim. Stalking involves instances where a person does not explicitly threaten their victim but silently follows them around or sits outside their dwelling. When placed in this context, such behaviour is dangerous beyond its immediate significance. Although, it is difficult to charge this as assault since it is not sufficient that the threat raises apprehension that violence will be inflicted at some time in the future. The inability to prosecute an offence that is of a similar nature to stalking under the law of assault was apparent in the case of Knight. Knight had made a series of phone calls threatening to kill or injure those involved his prior conviction, including a policeman, a magistrate and to a judge who later dismissed his appeal (Logan, 2006). On appeal to the Court of Criminal Appeal, his conviction for these offences was quashed on the basis that the requirement of a threat of immediate violence was not satisfied. Even though his behaviour caused fear and was dangerous, it fell short of the necessary accuses and hence could not be sanctioned under the law of criminal assault (Paul, 2000). Alternatively, the case of Ireland demonstrates an instance where an offence with characteristics that can be likened to stalking was successfully prosecuted under assault. The accused had proceeded to harass a woman whom he had a prior social relationship with, by making both silent and abusive phone calls, frequenting her place of work and home and taking photographs of the victim and her family. While fearful of personal violence the victim was also diagnosed with suffering a severe depressive illness. The offenders behaviour amounted to assault. This reasoning was founded on the fact that the victims fear of the caller arriving at her door could be seen as imminent since he may be making the calls in close proximity to her home and able to arrive at her door within minutes. However the legal reasoning in this case, has been criticised for being rather artificial by stretching assault beyond its natural legal meaning. As shown in Knight, most stalking cases are not suitable for pr osecution under the elements of criminal assault. The main area of assault also poses difficulty for the prosecution of stalking. It is constituted by intention to either affect an unlawful contact or to create an apprehension of imminent unlawful contact in the mind of the victim (Larry, 2000). Despite that the common law of assault is now more accommodating to the offence of stalking, through developing an interpretation of harm to include psychiatric as well as physical injury (Logan, 2006). It is still difficult to prove the imminence requirement in both of most stalking cases where the threat of harm is protracted rather than immediate (Sandra, 2007). Therefore, there is more rationale in treating stalking as a separate offence with its own specific elements rather than distorting the elements of assault to accommodate for the manifestations of stalking. The wide-ranging and severe impact of stalking further necessitates the need for a separate offence of stalking to deal with this crime. The psychological responses caused by stalking such as anxiety, fear, paranoia and often symptoms of post- traumatic stress disorder have been acknowledged in a study as emotions induced by stalkers. This research has found that 94% of victims have made changes to lifestyle patterns such as temporary or permanent relocation, changing personal contact information and even identities. Perhaps more compelling is that victims of a recent psychopathological study indicated that they might have coped better with more tangible damage of physical assault than with a stalkers constant intrusion and menace (Paul, 2000). Furthermore, stalking is often a precursor to severe and fatal physical violence as demonstrated in the case of Thomas v Burk. In this instance the applicant had been in a previous relationship with the complainant. After they separated, the complainant experienced many incidents of stalking such as receiving harassing telephone calls at work and being followed on a vacation trip. These incidents eventually escalated to physical abuse when on one occasion, the applicant stroked the complainant with such force across the face with an open hand that it caused injury to her eye. This is one of many cases that reflect the statistic that 80% of women who report being stalked by an intimate partner are eventually physically assaulted (Sandra, 2007). It therefore becomes apparent that there is a need to take preventative action. Such as prosecuting this behaviour under an offence of stalking at its early stage, rather than waiting until the situation amplifies and the victim is physically a ssaulted and only then taking action by prosecuting for assault. Sexual Harassment is defined as a continuum of behaviours that intimidate, demean, humiliate or coerce (Diane, 2006). These behaviours range from the subtle forms that can accumulate into a hostile working, learning, or worshipping environment to the most severe forms of stalking, assault or rape. For many businesses, preventing sexual harassment, and defending its managerial employees from sexual harassment charges, has become key goals of legal decision making. In contrast, many scholars complain that sexual harassment in education remains a forgotten secret, with educators and administrators refusing to admit the problem exist in their schools, or accept their legal and ethical responsibilities to deal with it. Previously stalking behaviour has been prosecuted as offensive conduct under s4 of the Summary Offences Act. An artificial reasoning was drawn by the courts that stalking was offensive from the fact that it was continued or repeated. While offensive conduct carries a light maximum penalty of three months this may be satisfactory for minor instances of stalking but it is a clearly an inappropriate reflection of the magnitude of behaviour that amounts to intimidation and harassment. The protracted nature of stalking and the serious implications on its victims necessitates the need for a specific offence of stalking with its own appropriate penalty in order to capture the severity of the offence. This is arguably more effective than collapsing this offence into the category of offensive conduct or treating it as criminal assault. The offender would then, also have to bear the stigma of being labelled a stalker (Larry, 2000). In 2006 study on sexual harassment at colleges and universities, it was reported that 62% of female college students and 61% of male college students report having been sexually harassed at their university, with 80% of the reported harassment being peer-to-peer. Fifty-one percent of male college students admit to sexually harassing someone in college, with 22% admitting to harassing someone often or occasionally (Diane, 2006). Thirty-one percent of female college students admitted to harassing someone in college. Sexual harassment can occur in a variety of circumstances. The harasser can be anyone, such as a supervisor, a client, a co-worker, a teacher or professor, a student, a friend, or a stranger. The victim does not have to be the person directly harassed but can be anyone who finds the behaviour offensive and is affected by it. While adverse effects on the victim are common, this does not have to be the case for the behaviour to be unlawful. The victim can be a male or female. The harasser can be male or female. The harasser does not have to be of the opposite sex. The harasser may be completely unaware that his or her behaviour is offensive or constitutes sexual harassment or may be completely unaware that his or her actions could be unlawful. There are however, some instances where a criminal sanction may not constitute an effective strategy of deterring further stalking even though the impact on the victim is traumatic. This mainly applies to the category of stalkers classified as erotomaniacs who are mentally ill. It would be more appropriate to deal with these stalkers through the mental health system as they are impervious to judicial sanctions and thus require assertive psychiatric management. The inefficacy of using stalking legislation to punish a perpetrator who has a psychiatric condition was illustrated in the case of Strong v The Queen. The appellant had been sentenced to imprisonment for the offence of stalking a female contrary to s562ABof the Crimes Act 1900(NSW) (Paul, 2000). Whilst serving his sentence in prison, the accused began writing sexually suggestive letters to another female with whom he had no prior relationship. After his release, he continued with his stalking behaviour by following and watchin g her and subsequently moved to live opposite her home. This conduct became the basis of another substantive charge of stalking for which he was again imprisoned. On appeal of this conviction the issue was raised that he had been diagnosed with suffering symptoms of psychosis. The Criminal Court of Appeal agreed that in cases such as this, the offenders condition should be managed under mental health legislation rather than sanctioned under the criminal law. This case demonstrates the inability of the criminal law to deter psychiatrically ill stalkers as the rate of recidivism of people in this category suggests. However, it is important to note that the majority population of stalkers are from the intimate category of non- psychotic ex partners and are not mentally ill at the time of committing the offence. Courts can issue an Apprehended Domestic Violence Order under s562AE of the Crimes Act 1900(NSW) or an Apprehended Personal Violence Order under s562AI of the Crimes Act 1900(NSW). Unfortunately this method of dealing with stalking offences is often criticised for having little effect on serious obsessive behaviours exhibited by some offenders. A recent study has shown that after issuance of an apprehended violence order, stalking and physical violence was reduced in the first six months only to reoccur in over half the cases of women who undertook the study. This shows that these orders are an inappropriate long-term prevention tool. Helen Katzen reported in her study that of the 22,556 apprehended violence orders granted in New South Wales in 1998, 9,647 breaches were recorded by the police (Joseph, 2001). The ease with which these orders are breached and the fact that they are not taken seriously is reflected in the case of Long field v Glover. The appellant had been in a relation ship with the complainant. When the relationship ended she obtained an apprehended domestic violence order, which prohibited the appellant contacting her. He disregarded this order and persisted calling her at home and at work, making threatening statements such as I control your life (Michele, 2002). Similarly in the case of R v Powell, the appellant had broken into the victims premises in breach of an apprehended violence order and maliciously wounded her by stabbing her twice in the back. Both these cases demonstrate the inability of these orders to deter offenders which highlights how inefficient a mechanism they, are for dealing with such behaviour. Furthermore, apprehended violence orders were found in many cases to be aggravating factors, which exacerbate the likelihood of violence (Paul, 2000). This was exemplified in the case of Igbinoba v Commissioner of New South Wales Police Service, where a court issuance of an apprehended domestic violence order aroused further anger in the defendant towards the complainant, which resulted in a threat being made towards her that he was going to get her (Paul, 2000). Shortly after receiving the order, the defendant started a campaign of harassment against her and physically assaulted her. Recent research shows that incarceration has a sobering effect on stalkers and allows them to adjust their lives. This supports the idea that a more preventative approach would be to immediately prosecute this behaviour under an offence of stalking with a prison sentence, rather than wait for breach of an order to occur by which time the situation may have escalated to a degree of violence. While, it is impractical to contain all stalking offences by criminalising them, it is also inefficient for the court to proceed with prosecuting minor nuisances under the stalking legislation. Many of these cases would not lead to any conviction due to the lack of the requisite intent necessary to prove the offence. In 1998, two example cases were given by the model criminal code committee where stalking legislation was used inappropriately (Joseph, 2001). In the first case a fourteen year old girl had stalked her teacher, by following him around school and singing a mocking song about the teacher. In the later case Yugoslavian parents had stalked their teenage daughters because they had moved away from home in violation of family traditions. These stalking incidents are more commonly known as conformist who is the stalking falls within the acceptable range of social behaviour rather than criminal stalking. Neither of these cases led to convictions. In circumstances such as these, a pplicants are more likely to succeed in obtaining apprehended violence orders since they would only be required to prove on the balance of probabilities, that they are in fear of the other person and that these fears could culminate into an act of personal violence or harassing conduct (Sandra, 2007). With advances in technology people see new and scary ways criminals commit crimes. With the introduction of cell phones and scanners years ago, criminals could listen to police radio traffic and see where and how we police were responding. No need for look outs, technology became the look out. Now in the computer age people see crimes from identity theft and hacking into computers to steal personal and corporate confidential information to cyber stalking and sexual predating to cell phone cloning. Criminals have a whole new playground and the playground as technology advances (Lorraine, 2008). But technology is not just for criminals. Law enforcement agencies are using technology to make police work more effective and efficient. Also police and communities are also using technology to make their communities safer. Cyber stalking is described as the procedure or offense of deliberately and constantly irritating another person in situation that would cause a sensible person to panic harm or death because of articulated or obscured fears is a comparatively latest trouble. Annoying others over the Internet is a little that usually happens, but the word constantly placed in front of that report can make a huge distinction. If someone is causing a nescience that interferes with ones professional or individual life it is measured stalking. Catching the criminals of computer is the tough part. There are Computer Crime Stopper groups, hackers turned excellent, whose only intention and job is to track down and catch criminals of computer (Keith, 2002). Activity of tracking computer is a hard thing to do, particularly over the Internet. There is no track left for the criminal to be followed through. Generally the only things crime-stoppers have to go on are the IP addresses and telecommunication lines to trace to find the source of the signal, but the performer is generally long gone through the time authorities arrive. Anticipation is a vital part in defending the computers of these days. Through secure servers, which are particular c